Lessened expression of DNA repair service genes disrupts DNA fix. This can be revealed from the determine in the 4th stage with the best. (In the figure, purple wording implies the central part of DNA problems and defects in DNA restore from the development to most cancers.) When DNA repair service is deficient DNA hurt continues to be in cells at a higher than normal stage (fifth stage) and results in improved frequencies of mutation and/or epimutation (6th degree).
压迫：如食管癌、甲状腺癌等压迫气管，需要及时气管切开；若脑转移或脑肿瘤压迫中枢神经，需及时进行颅内减压处理等。
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第五步——浸润性癌，如果基因变化使肿瘤开始侵入下层组织，并使细胞脱落到血液或淋巴中， 则认为肿瘤已变成恶性肿瘤。癌变的细胞很可能在全身形成新的肿瘤（转移）；这些可能会因破坏重要器官而致命。
确定治疗目标是重要的第一步。主要目标通常是治愈癌症或显著延长生命。改善患者的生活质量也是一项重要目标。这可通过为患者提供身体、社会心理和精神健康支持以及在癌症末期提供姑息治疗来实现。
第二步——增生，突变后的细胞及其后代看起来仍然正常，但它们繁殖过多，这种 情况被称为增生。数年后，百万分之一的细胞（粉色）遭受另一种突变，这种突变 进一步放松了对细胞生长的控制。
DNA mend inhibition is proposed to generally be a predominant system in significant metallic-induced carcinogenicity. On top of that, Recurrent epigenetic alterations of your DNA sequences code for compact RNAs called microRNAs (or miRNAs). miRNAs do not code for proteins, but can "target" protein-coding genes and reduce their expression.
不受限制的生長（不死，由於有大量端粒酶，細胞不受到細胞凋亡機制的調控）
单个基因异常不能使细胞完全向恶性转化，多种原癌基因激活、抑癌基因失活作用累积，最终导致恶性肿瘤的发生。
Individuals that survive most cancers create a 2nd primary cancer at about two times the speed of People never diagnosed.[208] The greater danger is thought to generally be as a result of random potential for developing any cancer, the probability of surviving the 1st most cancers, exactly the same chance things that produced the initial cancer, undesired Unwanted side effects of treating the very first cancer (especially radiation 癌症 therapy), and greater compliance with screening.[208]
Environmental or Way of life factors that prompted most cancers to create in somebody might be identified by examining mutational signatures from genomic sequencing of tumor DNA.
Therapy is mostly the same as for non-Expecting Women of all ages. Even so, radiation and radioactive medication are normally avoided all through pregnancy, especially if the fetal dose may exceed 100 cGy. Sometimes, some or all remedies are postponed until finally just after delivery In case the most cancers is diagnosed late during the pregnancy.
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While epigenetic alterations are found in cancers, the epigenetic alterations in DNA repair genes, leading to decreased expression of DNA maintenance proteins, could be of individual value.